1,4-Butanediol is widely used in a range of industries including fiber production, plastics, solvents, chemical raw materials, extraction agents, insulators, decolorizing agents, and fixatives. As a vital chemical raw material, it plays a key role in modern industry. However, BDO is a flammable chemical that can pose risks if improperly stored or transported. This article explains BDO’s primary applications and hazards and outlines best practices for its storage.

1.   What is 1,4-Butanediol? Is It a Hazardous Material? What Are Its Main Uses?

1,4-Butanediol (BDO)
Chemical formula : HOCH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂OH
HS Code : 2905.3911.102
Hazard Classification : Not regulated under IMDG ; no UN number assigned.

Physical Properties :

• Appearance: Colorless liquid
• Boiling Point: 228°C
• Melting Point: 20.1°C
• Density: 1.012 g/cm³ (at 25°C)
• Solubility: Fully miscible in water and many organic solvents
• Volatility: Low vapor pressure; not easily volatile

Chemical Properties :

BDO is chemically stable, but exposure to light or air can lead to the formation of peroxides, posing explosion risks. As a weak Lewis base, BDO reacts with acidic substances. BDO has two hydroxyl groups, classifying it as a diol (a type of polyol with two alcohol groups).

Synthesis :

• Acetylene + Formaldehyde → Butyne diol → BDO (via hydrogenation)
• Natural gas → Formaldehyde → Succinic dialdehyde → BDO

Major Applications :

(1) Polymer Monomer
BDO is a monomer in the production of Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT), a thermoplastic used in electronics for its insulating and heat-resistant properties (up to 150°C or 200°C when reinforced with glass fiber). It also reacts with urethanes to form polyurethane (PU) resins for use as crosslinkers and catalysts.

(2) Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
BDO reacts with phosphoric acid under high temperatures to form THF, a key material used in semiconductors, organometallic compounds, crosslinking agents, polymers, and coordination compounds.

Further Reading : What is Tetrahydrofuran (THF)? Hazard Classification, Uses, Risks, and Storage Guidelines

(3) Derivatives
Through dehydrogenation, BDO can be converted into gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), used in fragrances and as a cyanoacrylate remover. It can further react with methylamine or ammonia to produce N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)—used as surfactants, plastic solvents, desulfurization agents, alkene/alkyne extraction agents, and IV drug vehicles.

2.   Understanding the Hazards of BDO

BDO is flammable and may ignite or explode when reacting with incompatible substances. It emits harmful fumes and vapors during combustion. BDO is toxic and irritates the eyes, skin, and respiratory system. Immediate medical attention is necessary upon exposure.

Specific Health Hazards :

• Inhalation: Can cause respiratory irritation, rapid breathing, and lung damage
• Eye Contact: May cause mild irritation
• Ingestion: Can damage the liver, kidneys, and nervous system

3.   How to Store BDO Safely? Key Storage Guidelines

(1) Store in a Cool, Ventilated Area
Keep BDO in a sealed, opaque container away from direct sunlight. Avoid storing it near oxidizers, peroxides, nitrates, or perchlorates as these can react to form THF and increase fire risk.

(2) Use Sealed Packaging
Without stabilizers, BDO can polymerize upon exposure to light or air, increasing internal pressure and potentially causing container rupture. Proper sealing is essential to prevent vapor leakage and ensure safety.

(3) Chemical Labeling is Mandatory
Containers must be clearly labeled to communicate BDO’s properties and handling instructions. In case of emergency, responders can refer to the label for proper measures.

Further Reading : What Are Dangerous Goods? A Quick Guide to Hazard Classification and Transport Regulations

(4) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Operators should wear gloves, protective clothing, safety goggles, and gas masks, and must be professionally trained to handle BDO safely.

(5) No Spark-Generating Tools
BDO is highly flammable and can explode upon contact with open flames, heat, static electricity, or light. Use non-metallic, spark-free tools—plastic tools are preferred.

(6) Emergency Equipment Readiness
BDO storage areas must be equipped with emergency response gear and the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be clearly displayed and accessible.

Further Reading : How to Understand the MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) and Key Details to Watch For

Published Date : January 8, 2025